PostgreSQL / PostGIS

Driver short name

PostgreSQL

Build dependencies

PostgreSQL client library (libpq)

This driver implements support for access to spatial tables in PostgreSQL extended with the PostGIS spatial data support. Some support exists in the driver for use with PostgreSQL without PostGIS but with less functionalities.

This driver requires a connection to a Postgres database. If you want to prepare a SQL dump to inject it later into a Postgres database, you can instead use the PostgreSQL SQL Dump driver.

You can find additional information on the driver in the Advanced OGR PostgreSQL driver Information page.

Starting with GDAL 3.9, only PostgreSQL >= 9 and PostGIS >= 2 are supported.

Driver capabilities

Supports Create()

This driver supports the GDALDriver::Create() operation

Supports Georeferencing

This driver supports georeferencing

Connecting to a database

To connect to a Postgres datasource, use a connection string specifying the database name, with additional parameters as necessary. The PG: prefix is used to mark the name as a postgres connection string.

PG:dbname=databasename
or
PG:"dbname='databasename' host='addr' port='5432' user='x' password='y'"
In this syntax each parameter setting is in the form keyword = value. Spaces around the equal sign are optional. To write an empty value, or a value containing spaces, surround it with single quotes, e.g., keyword = 'a value'. Single quotes and backslashes within the value must be escaped with a backslash, i.e., ' and \.

Starting with GDAL 3.1 also this syntax is supported:
PG:service=servicename
Starting with GDAL 3.4, the URI syntax is also supported
postgresql://[user[:password]@][netloc][:port][/dbname][?param1=value1&...]

It's also possible to omit the database name and connect to a default database, with the same name as the user name.

Note: We use PQconnectdb() to make the connection. See details from PostgreSQL libpq documentation).

Geometry columns

If the geometry_columns table exists (i.e. PostGIS is enabled for the accessed database), then all tables and named views listed in the geometry_columns table will be treated as OGR layers. Otherwise (PostGIS disabled for the accessed database), all regular user tables and named views will be treated as layers.

The driver also supports the geography column type.

The driver also supports reading and writing the following non-linear geometry types :CIRCULARSTRING, COMPOUNDCURVE, CURVEPOLYGON, MULTICURVE and MULTISURFACE

SQL statements

The PostgreSQL driver passes SQL statements directly to PostgreSQL by default, rather than evaluating them internally when using the ExecuteSQL() call on the OGRDataSource, or the -sql command option to ogr2ogr. Attribute query expressions are also passed directly through to PostgreSQL. It's also possible to request the ogr Pg driver to handle SQL commands with the OGR SQL engine, by passing "OGRSQL" string to the ExecuteSQL() method, as the name of the SQL dialect.

Note that the PG driver uses PostgreSQL cursors to browse through the result set of a ExecuteSQL() request, and that, at time of writing, PostgreSQL default settings aren't optimized when the result set is small enough to fit in one result page. If you experiment bad performance, specifying the PRELUDE_STATEMENTS=SET cursor_tuple_fraction = 1.0; open option might help.

The PostgreSQL driver in OGR supports the OGRDataSource::StartTransaction(), OGRDataSource::CommitTransaction() and OGRDataSource::RollbackTransaction() calls in the normal SQL sense.

Creation Issues

The PostgreSQL driver does not support creation of new datasets (a database within PostgreSQL), but it does allow creation of new layers within an existing database.

As mentioned above the type system is impoverished, and many OGR types are not appropriately mapped into PostgreSQL.

If the database has PostGIS types loaded (i.e. the geometry type), newly created layers will be created with the PostGIS Geometry type. Otherwise they will use OID.

By default it is assumed that text being sent to Postgres is in the UTF-8 encoding. This is fine for plain ASCII, but can result in errors for extended characters (ASCII 155+, LATIN1, etc). While OGR provides no direct control over this, you can set the PGCLIENTENCODING environment variable to indicate the format being provided. For instance, if your text is LATIN1 you could set the environment variable to LATIN1 before using OGR and input would be assumed to be LATIN1 instead of UTF-8. An alternate way of setting the client encoding is to issue the following SQL command with ExecuteSQL() : "SET client_encoding TO encoding_name" where encoding_name is LATIN1, etc. Errors can be caught by enclosing this command with a CPLPushErrorHandler()/CPLPopErrorHandler() pair.

Updating existing tables

When data is appended to an existing table (for example, using the -append option in ogr2ogr) the driver will, by default, emit an INSERT statement for each row of data to be added. This may be significantly slower than the COPY-based approach taken when creating a new table, but ensures consistency of unique identifiers if multiple connections are accessing the table simultaneously.

If only one connection is accessing the table when data is appended, the COPY-based approach can be chosen by setting the config option PG_USE_COPY to YES, which may significantly speed up the operation.

Dataset open options

Open options can be specified in command-line tools using the syntax -oo <NAME>=<VALUE> or by providing the appropriate arguments to GDALOpenEx() (C) or gdal.OpenEx (Python). The following open options are supported:

DBNAME=<string>: Database name.
PORT=<integer>: Port.
USER=<string>: User name.
PASSWORD=<string>: Password.
HOST=<string>: Server hostname.
SERVICE=<string>: (GDAL >= 3.1) Service name
ACTIVE_SCHEMA=<string>: Active schema.
SCHEMAS=value: Restricted sets of schemas to explore (comma separated).
TABLES=value: Restricted set of tables to list (comma separated).
LIST_ALL_TABLES=[YES/NO]: This may be "YES" to force all tables, including non-spatial ones, to be listed.
SKIP_VIEWS=[YES/NO]: (GDAL >= 3.7) This may be "YES" to prevent views from being listed.
PRELUDE_STATEMENTS=value: SQL statement(s) to send on the PostgreSQL client connection before any other ones. In case of several statements, they must be separated with the semi-column (;) sign. The driver will specifically recognize BEGIN as the first statement to avoid emitting BEGIN/COMMIT itself. This option may be useful when using the driver with pg_bouncer in transaction pooling, e.g. 'BEGIN; SET LOCAL statement_timeout TO "1h";'
CLOSING_STATEMENTS=value: SQL statement(s) to send on the PostgreSQL client connection after any other ones. In case of several statements, they must be separated with the semi-column (;) sign. With the above example value for :oo::PRELUDE_STATEMENTS, the appropriate CLOSING_STATEMENTS would be "COMMIT".

Dataset Creation Options

None

Layer Creation Options

Layer creation options can be specified in command-line tools using the syntax -lco <NAME>=<VALUE> or by providing the appropriate arguments to GDALDatasetCreateLayer() (C) or Dataset.CreateLayer (Python). The following layer creation options are supported:

GEOM_TYPE=[geometry/geography/BYTEA/OID]: The GEOM_TYPE layer creation option can be set to one of "geometry", "geography", "BYTEA" or "OID" to force the type of geometry used for a table. For a PostGIS database, "geometry" is the default value. PostGIS "geography" assumes a geographic SRS (before PostGIS 2.2, it was even required to be EPSG:4326), but the driver has no built-in reprojection logic so it is safest to use always -t_srs EPSG:4326 (or the canonical geographic CRS corresponding to the projected CRS of interest to avoid datum transformations) with GEOM_TYPE=geography.
OVERWRITE=[YES/NO]: This may be "YES" to force an existing layer of the desired name to be destroyed before creating the requested layer.
LAUNDER=[YES/NO]: Defaults to YES. This may be "YES" to force new fields created on this layer to have their field names "laundered" into a form more compatible with PostgreSQL. This converts to lower case and converts some special characters like "-" and "#" to "_". If "NO" exact names are preserved. If enabled the table (layer) name will also be laundered.
LAUNDER_ASCII=[YES/NO]: (GDAL >= 3.9) Defaults to NO. Implies LAUNDER=YES, with the extra substitution of UTF-8 accented characters in the Latin-1 Supplement and Latin Extented-A sets with the closest ASCII letter. Other non-ASCII characters are replaced with underscore. Consequently this option is not appropriate for non-Latin languages.
PRECISION=[YES/NO]: Defaults to YES. This may be "YES" to force new fields created on this layer to try and represent the width and precision information, if available using NUMERIC(width,precision) or CHAR(width) types. If "NO" then the types FLOAT8, INTEGER and VARCHAR will be used instead.
DIM=[2/3/XYM/XYZM]: Control the dimension of the layer. Important to set to 2 for 2D layers as it has constraints on the geometry dimension during loading.
GEOMETRY_NAME=value: Set name of geometry column in new table. If omitted it defaults to wkb_geometry for GEOM_TYPE=geometry, or the_geog for GEOM_TYPE=geography.
SCHEMA=value: Set name of schema for new table. Using the same layer name in different schemas is supported, but not in the public schema and others. Note that using the -overwrite option of ogr2ogr and -lco SCHEMA= option at the same time will not work, as the ogr2ogr utility will not understand that the existing layer must be destroyed in the specified schema. Use the -nln option of ogr2ogr instead, or better the active_schema connection string. See below example.
SPATIAL_INDEX=[NONE/GIST/SPGIST/BRIN]: Defaults to GIST. Creates a spatial index (GiST) on the geometry column to speed up queries (Has effect only when PostGIS is available). Set to NONE (GDAL >= 2.4, or FALSE for earlier versions) to disable. BRIN is only available with PostgreSQL >= 9.4 and PostGIS >= 2.3. SPGIST is only available with PostgreSQL >= 11 and PostGIS >= 2.5
TEMPORARY=[ON/OFF]: Defaults to OFF. Set to OFF by default. Creates a temporary table instead of a permanent one.
UNLOGGED=[ON/OFF]: Set to OFF by default. Whether to create the table as a unlogged one. Unlogged tables are only supported since PostgreSQL 9.1, and GiST indexes used for spatial indexing since PostgreSQL 9.3.
NONE_AS_UNKNOWN=[YES/NO]: Can bet set to YES to force non-spatial layers (wkbNone) to be created as spatial tables of type GEOMETRY (wkbUnknown). Defaults to NO, in which case a regular table is created and not recorded in the PostGIS geometry_columns table.
FID=value: Defaults to ogc_fid. Name of the FID column to create.
FID64=[TRUE/FALSE]: Defaults to FALSE. This may be "TRUE" to create a FID column that can support 64 bit identifiers.
EXTRACT_SCHEMA_FROM_LAYER_NAME=[YES/NO]: Defaults to YES. Can be set to NO to avoid considering the dot character as the separator between the schema and the table name.
COLUMN_TYPES=value: A list of strings of format field_name=pg_field_type (separated by comma) that should be use when CreateField() is invoked on them. This will override the default choice that OGR would have made. This can for example be used to create a column of type HSTORE.
DESCRIPTION=value: Description string to put in the pg_description system table. On reading, if such a description is found, it is exposed in the DESCRIPTION metadata item. The description can also be written with SetMetadataItem("DESCRIPTION", description_string). Descriptions are preserved by default by ogr2ogr, unless the -nomd option is used.

Configuration Options

Configuration options can be specified in command-line tools using the syntax --config <NAME>=<VALUE> or using functions such as CPLSetConfigOption() (C) or gdal.config_options (Python). The following configuration options are available:

PG_USE_COPY=value: This may be "YES" for using COPY for inserting data to Postgresql. COPY is significantly faster than INSERT. COPY is used by default when inserting from a table that has just been created.

警告

At time of writing, PgPoolII is not compatible with COPY mode as used by the OGR PostgreSQL driver. Thus you should force PG_USE_COPY=NO when using PgPoolII.
PGSQL_OGR_FID=value: Set name of primary key instead of 'ogc_fid'. Only used when opening a layer whose primary key cannot be autodetected. Ignored by CreateLayer() that uses the FID creation option.
PG_LIST_ALL_TABLES=[YES/NO]: Equivalent of LIST_ALL_TABLES.
PG_USE_BASE64=[YES/NO]: Defaults to NO. If set to "YES", geometries will be fetched as BASE64 encoded EWKB instead of canonical HEX encoded EWKB. This reduces the amount of data to be transferred from 2 N to 1.333 N, where N is the size of EWKB data. However, it might be a bit slower than fetching in canonical form when the client and the server are on the same machine, so the default is NO.
OGR_PG_CURSOR_PAGE=value: Set the cursor page size, or number of features that are fetched from the database and held in memory at a single time.
OGR_PG_RETRIEVE_FID=[YES/NO]: Defaults to YES. If set to "YES" (the default), writing an OGRFeature will cause its FID to be set to the value assigned by the database. If a single feature is to be inserted multiple times, this option can be set to "NO" to allow the database to assign a new FID for each insertion.
OGR_TRUNCATE=value: If set to "YES", the content of the table will be first erased with the SQL TRUNCATE command before inserting the first feature. This is an alternative to using the -overwrite flag of ogr2ogr, that avoids views based on the table to be destroyed. Typical use case: ogr2ogr -append PG:dbname=foo abc.shp --config OGR_TRUNCATE YES.
OGR_PG_ENABLE_METADATA=[YES/NO]: (GDAL >= 3.9) Defaults to YES. If set to "YES" (the default), the driver will try to use the ogr_system_tables.metadata table to retrieve and store layer metadata. To be able to store metadata, the schema ogr_system_tables and the event trigger ogr_system_tables_event_trigger_for_metadata must already exist in the database, or the current user must have sufficient rights (super-user rights for the event trigger) to be able to create them. If not, a warning will be raised.
OGR_PG_SKIP_CONFLICTS=[YES/NO]: (GDAL >= 3.10) Defaults to NO. If set to "YES" (not the default), conflicts when inserting features will be skipped (requires OGR_PG_RETRIEVE_FID to be off and only applies when PG_USE_COPY is off).

Examples

Simple translation of a shapefile into PostgreSQL. The table 'abc' will be created with the features from abc.shp and attributes from abc.dbf. The database instance (warmerda) must already exist, and the table abc must not already exist.
```
ogr2ogr -f PostgreSQL PG:dbname=warmerda abc.shp
```
This second example loads a political boundaries layer from VPF (via the OGDI driver), and renames the layer from the cryptic OGDI layer name to something more sensible. If an existing table of the desired name exists it is overwritten.
```
ogr2ogr -f PostgreSQL PG:dbname=warmerda \
        gltp:/vrf/usr4/mpp1/v0eur/vmaplv0/eurnasia \
        -lco OVERWRITE=yes -nln polbndl_bnd 'polbndl@bnd(*)_line'
```

Export a single Postgres table to GeoPackage:

ogr2ogr \
  -f GPKG output.gpkg \
  PG:"dbname='my_database'" "my_table"

Export many Postgres tables to GeoPackage:

ogr2ogr \
  -f GPKG output.gpkg \
  PG:"dbname='my_database' tables='table_1,table_3'"

Export a whole Postgres database to GeoPackage:

ogr2ogr \
  -f GPKG output.gpkg \
  PG:dbname=my_database

Load a single layer GeoPackage into Postgres:

ogr2ogr \
  -f "PostgreSQL" PG:"dbname='my_database'" \
  input.gpkg \
  -nln "name_of_new_table"

In this example we merge tiger line data from two different directories of tiger files into one table. Note that the second invocation uses -append and no OVERWRITE=yes.

ogr2ogr -f PostgreSQL PG:dbname=warmerda tiger_michigan \
     -lco OVERWRITE=yes CompleteChain
ogr2ogr -update -append -f PostgreSQL PG:dbname=warmerda tiger_ohio \
     CompleteChain

This example shows using ogrinfo to evaluate an SQL query statement within PostgreSQL. More sophisticated PostGIS specific queries may also be used via the -sql commandline switch to ogrinfo.
```
ogrinfo -ro PG:dbname=warmerda -sql "SELECT pop_1994 from canada where province_name = 'Alberta'"
```
This example shows using ogrinfo to list PostgreSQL/PostGIS layers on a different host.
```
ogrinfo -ro PG:"host='myserver.velocet.ca' user='postgres' dbname='warmerda'"
```

This example shows use of PRELUDE_STATEMENTS and CLOSING_STATEMENTS as destination open options of ogr2ogr.

ogrinfo PG:"dbname='mydb'" poly -doo "PRELUDE_STATEMENTS=BEGIN; SET LOCAL statement_timeout TO '1h';" -doo CLOSING_STATEMENTS=COMMIT

FAQs

Why can't I see my tables? PostGIS is installed and I have data You must have permissions on all tables you want to read and geometry_columns and spatial_ref_sys. Misleading behavior may follow without an error message if you do not have permissions to these tables. Permission issues on geometry_columns and/or spatial_ref_sys tables can be generally confirmed if you can see the tables by setting the configuration option PG_LIST_ALL_TABLES to YES. (e.g. ogrinfo --config PG_LIST_ALL_TABLES YES PG:xxxxx)